It’s a question that I get from a lot of coaching clients when they have turbo sessions to do, and, as with pretty much any question related to sport science or training, it depends. But what does it depend on? Well that’s what I’m going to try and go through and discuss for you.

What is ERG mode?

First off, let’s dig a bit deeper into what ERG mode is. ERG is short for Ergometer, and what this does is control the resistance so that you can – in theory – maintain a very stable power output. 

Now, power is made up of angular velocity (radians per second, with 1 Rad/s equal to 9.5492968 RPM) and torque (the force you put through the pedals) – what ERG does is balance these two to produce a consistent wattage. 

So let’s say you are riding at 200 watts, this is made up of riding at 80 RPM ((200 / 80 = 2.5) x 9.5492968) producing 23.87 newton meters (Nm) of torque. The smart bike or smart trainer will put 23.87 Nm of resistance into the flywheel, so that you are pushing 200 watts at 80 RPM. If you increase the RPM to 90, then the resistance required to produce 200 W is now 21.22 Nm, so the trainer adjusts and decreases resistance. This also works the other way when RPM is reduced and resistance increases.

You can set ERG mode to be on or off on most training platforms and it will be active when you follow either an in app workout or a custom designed session you’ve imported. 

Benefits of ERG

So the pros of ERG mode are firstly that it controls the resistance power for us, allowing us to not need to focus on maintaining a power output as the trainer does all the work for us. This is great for those who want to do longer Z2 rides and remain under a certain power output to ensure that they don’t go too hard. Or alternatively for those wanting to do longer Tempo or Sweetspot efforts where you want the higher power to stay maintained and not drift below your power targets. 

The other big benefit is that sometimes it is hard to get exactly the right RPM to match your power output when just using your gears. This is where ERG is fantastic as you can change your RPM to whatever you feel most comfortable at, in whatever gear you choose, and the resistance will be applied accordingly so that your target power output is achieved. 

Downsides of ERG

However, it’s not all great and there are a few downsides to using ERG mode. Firstly, there is a question about the resistance being applied artificially. Although this is similar to how it is when we climb, as gravity provides additional resistance, it isn’t the best for those that want to perform on rolling or flat terrain where the changes in force applied and velocity are very variable. Sometimes it’s good to be able to adapt to those changes as in some cases just training on climbs or in ERG can affect performance on the flats. This has led some to suggest that over reliance on ERG can reduce our capacity to actually produce power sustainably at higher levels (think Sweetspot and up) as we are so used to requiring an artificial resistance to push against. There may be some truth in this, but equally on the flats at speed we have air resistance to push against. Others have suggested that ERG limits our mental resilience of being able to hold a set power, but if anything ERG can help at higher power levels (threshold and up) as there is no way to give up or drop the power level down. For some, it may be useful for pushing themselves, but equally you want to be able to do that without the artificial resistance.

Another downside is the reaction speed of ERG mode. Most high end trainers now have an ERG mode which is very fast to react to changes in either resistance, speed, or the power target of an interval. However some trainers are not as good at this. Let’s say that you have a set of micro intervals, 20 seconds at 120% Threshold, with 10sec rest at 40%, for 20 repetitions so a 10 minute block. Changing from very high resistance to very low resistance over a short period of time can sometimes be delayed, so what you may find is that when the 20s effort starts you do a very high RPM and resistance is low, then when the 10s recovery comes around the resistance doesn’t always drop straight away. 

The ERG Spiral of death is probably the most well known issue with using ERG. A few papers have looked into the limiters of cycling performance and suggest that our ability to maintain torque is the biggest factor in maintaining power output. When we are unable to apply the same torque, we reduce the gear so that we can spin a higher RPM and reduce torque applied. However in ERG, this isn’t the easiest, and what often happens is that RPM drops more and more and the resistance applied by the trainer increases more and more. In the end, the trainer wins as your RPM drops to a standstill and an insurmountable level of torque needs to be overcome. Fortunately, this is such a well known issue that many higher end trainers now have an anti-spiral of death feature, where they sense when resistance has become too much, reduce it, and allow you to get spinning back up to speed again.

Benefits of Level mode

For sessions where you want maximal power, such as sprints, or you’re doing micro intervals with lots of changes in resistance, then riding in Level, or Resistance mode is the best way to go. This involves keeping the resistance at the hub static and changing it using your gears, or you can have the settings so that virtual gradients are applied along with resistance. Using this mode, you can also drop the intensity if required during an effort, rather than being constrained to the power and resistance target set for you by ERG mode.  

The other benefit of Level mode is that it’s a bit more ecologically valid. What this means is that it’s a little bit more like the real world where you have changes in resistance via gradients and efforts are very unlikely to be as smooth or have that constant resistance behind them. There are also some suggestions that riding in Level mode is better for developing better pedaling efficiency than ERG mode. 

When to use ERG

I would say all of these little downsides of ERG and benefits of Level are quite marginal though, and at the end of the day, some of us may find it easier to complete a session using ERG mode simply because it’s one less thing to think about. My personal recommendation would be that for efforts where power is a constant (Z1 up to Z3/4) and you want to keep it below or above a certain level, ERG mode is the way to go. If you want to do sessions with short repeated efforts, maximals, sprints, or just a session with more resistance variability, then Level mode is best to use. Using a mix of the two will ensure that you don’t miss out on the benefits of either of these, and may help to make your overall training experience a bit easier and more enjoyable.